Consequently, sexual violence is a tool that lowers civilians’ ability to avoid taxation while mostly preserving the labour force. Following case studies, we postulate that sexual violence is a non-lethal form of violence that is exceptionally effective in instilling fear and submission among local populations. We argue that if armed groups use violence to tax local civilians, the perpetration of violence will depend on the resource to be taxed. By contrast, there is no consistent effect of resource price shocks in areas that host industrial mining or agricultural activities. In particular, a rise in the value of gold increases sexual violence against civilians in areas suitable for artisanal gold mining. 2021), we show that armed groups’ economic motives contribute to the perpetration of sexual violence against civilians in conflict times. However, conflict zones do not systematically record sexual violence, raising the question of what the drivers of this unilateral violence against civilians are. In 2016, 12% of the world population lived in a conflict zone (Bahgat et al. It draws attention to an understudied issue with devastating impacts on the hundreds of thousands of victims and their communities (United Nations 2013). The 2018 Nobel Peace Prize award to Dr Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad underlines “their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict”.
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